And America is having a VERY lo-o-o-o-ong petulant teenager stage. (We'll show France how to mop up in Indo-China. What does the rest of the world know about Afghanistan? Let's show 'em how to not get bogged down.) The latest iteration being, "Tell me fat, salt, nitrites, the crispy browned bits of meat and lots of sugar are bad for me - I'll make bacon caramels. And eat them. While reading the nutrition information."
Granted, caramel is beginning to define itself in a new way. Lately, it has gained a stint as The Poster Child for the crossover of cooking and STEM (science, technology, engineering and math). Damaged sugar is quite the celebrity.
Harold McGee (On Food and Cooking, Curious Cook) really did a number on some of the accepted wisdom regarding the necessary temperatures for caramelization, and the cooking and creation of caramel. And possibly created the next food-fad you will never hear of, "aged sugar."
For me, the most interesting thing about the whole sugar ---> caramel thing was the sharing of the result that "sugar" doesn't truly melt. It is decomposing. It goes liquid, but it does not retain it's chemical identity the way water or wax does when it melts. It is turning in to other stuff as it turns into a liquid. If you cool it back to a solid, it is not what it was - the way water would be.
When we say "sugar" in everyday conversation we mean table sugar, or sucrose. This is a dimer - a two piece molecule - of a fructose and a glucose* hooked together. Part of what is going on is the fracturing of this bond, maybe some thermal banging up of the chemicals, the release of some water, and maybe some melting of some of the crystals. Most everything I read uses a term along the lines of "hand-wavey" to discuss the tangled chemistry that ensues.
To be sure there are definite chemical reactions that can be isolated and do happen. The problem is, there is no single "caramelization" chemical reaction. It is a whole host of reactions, all happening simultaneously, and the results of one reaction influence the speed and outcome of surrounding reactions. It is organic chemistry at it's messy, carbon strewn best. If you want to read more, with diagrams and such, look here: ScienceGeist - The Chemistry of Caramel.
But what all this reading told me was that there is really no reason at all to not try to make caramel from the box of pears I ended up with as a result of my dad leaving for New Zealand for a long trip.
They weren't ripe when he left, and would be gloppy fruit-fly-heavan when he got back. So they were mine. I'm the only one in my house who eats pears. It's a texture thing, and I'm still trying to get the Philistines to understand the harmony that is fruit and cheese. Oh, never mind.
Anyway, I did enjoy a couple of pears the "regular" way. You know, just part of a composed salad, with blue cheese, hazelnuts, up against a cole slaw with a dressing gently spiked with sriracha. (1 part sugar, 1 part cider vinegar, 3 parts mayo, sriracha to taste). Like I said, the regular way.
But there was no way I was going to finish them all myself in good time, and I was curious. There seemed no reason not to try. Fructose is important to caramel, and pears are swimming in it. The degradation of sugar that is required for caramel gets a head start in rose-relative† fruit (apples, pears) thanks to the enzymes. (That turn-brown-thingy). And one of the biggest fears in caramel making is the reforming of crystals making the caramel sauce grainy or sandy. This would NOT be problem when working with pear juice. It is much to chemically "dirty" to risk the purity of chemicals required to form crystals. So I forged on.
1. Peel and remove the seeds.
Why peel if I was just going to strain them anyway? I find the peels have a strong tannin-like flavor. That flannel, coat the tongue feeling. Since these are yellow pears, they are not tannins-propper, but there is that effect, and I didn't want that in my caramel. I also removed the seeds since I would be using the awesome power of the food processor, and didn't want stray, off flavors from the seeds either.
2. Create pear goop.
I was considering using the food mill. Who was I kidding?
3. Then I strained the goop through my jelly bag - cheese cloth would have worked too - or a fine mesh sieve. I ended up with about 5 cups of juice.
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| Yes - you can see that the enzymes are going crazy. I've just let the juice get all oxygen-y. And it's gone from nearly white to pretty much caramel color on its own. |
4. Bring it to a low boil to start the evaporation, and the accumulation of scum.
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| This is what little is left of the nutritiousness of the original pears. Most of that (fiber, minerals) was left in the pulp in the strainer. |
That's right. Don't even try to fool yourself. Just because this is made OF pears doesn't mean it is as good for you AS pears. Most of the benefits of pears are in the pulp and that scummy stuff.
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| skim the scum off with a spoon or strainer |
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| dip the spoon/strainer in a bowl of cold water to clean it. |
The one MAJOR thing is this caramel is (just barely) paleo compliant, and people with digestive inflammation issues can eat it.
It also serves as a valuable object lesson when you see "fruit juice concentrate" in an ingredient list, this is what they have done, this is what they are talking about, and how little fruit is really in there. I'm not saying don't do it. I'm just saying don't let the kid snack people fool you. Fruit juice concentrate has none of the virtues of fruit.
5. Boil - at a low boil. And keep boiling until your 5 cups (or 4 cups or whatever) is down to just under 1/4 of the original volume (so I was down under a cup).
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| Look for bubbles that hang around. This means things are getting sticky. |
Water boils at 212˚F/100˚C. You will notice my thermometer says 229˚F. This means I am starting to get a pretty high concentration of sugar. I've raised the vapor pressure of the liquid (still mainly water). A decent proportion of the surface is now inhabited by dissolved sugars. This means my water molecules need much more energy (in the form of heat) to escape from the pot (i.e. boil). So instead of all the over 212˚F molecules all being able to escape, thus keeping the pot at 212˚F, they need to gather more energy to escape. So the boiling point rises.
Fine, when does caramel happen?
6. Just about here.
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| Notice the syrup is so thick, there is a definite foam on top. The bubbles are forming faster than they can pop. |
Also notice the line where the juice started. I have boiled this stuff long past its original form. It is tasty, but not really related to pears anymore.
7. Stir in about a Tbs of solid fat. I went with coconut oil just to follow the Paleo-track to the end. But butter is more traditional. Cream would also work. (Note - it has to be real fat. "non-dairy creamer" or a soy replacement will not work. Those are sugars and proteins and will produce a chemical hodgepodge that would be odd, disappointing, and possibly not yummy.)
Let cool until the caramel is thick enough to emulsify with the fat (will stay together even though they don't really want to, because you've broken the fat up into tiny enough droplets).
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| When all is said and done - about 2/3 of a cup |
8. Make sure it is real caramel. Taste test.
The coconut oil was a little pronounced, so a calmed that with a pinch of salt. Not enough to make it salty - just un-coconutty.
Eating it over a hazelnut shortbread topped with a pear chunk and blue cheese assured me that it really was a caramel. It has a nice tart touch to it. That is, the last of it's pear-y essence.
*Fructose - yup, that's right, "fruit sugar." Makes sense too, because we are getting our sucrose from plants - sugar cane or sugar beets.
Glucose - "our sugar" the one all our cells use as their basic food source. Also known as dextrose. Yes, 1 chemical, 2 names. No wonder scientists can get weird.
† Rose-relatives?! What? Lots of fruits that have a 5 pointed star cross section are in the same family as roses. Many of them contain those enzymes that brown their fruit when they are bruised or cut. Apples and Pears are the ones most familiar to us.
*Fructose - yup, that's right, "fruit sugar." Makes sense too, because we are getting our sucrose from plants - sugar cane or sugar beets.
Glucose - "our sugar" the one all our cells use as their basic food source. Also known as dextrose. Yes, 1 chemical, 2 names. No wonder scientists can get weird.
† Rose-relatives?! What? Lots of fruits that have a 5 pointed star cross section are in the same family as roses. Many of them contain those enzymes that brown their fruit when they are bruised or cut. Apples and Pears are the ones most familiar to us.
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